Next: I/O Functions, Previous: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in [Contents][Index]
The functions in this section look at or change the text of one or more strings.
gawk
understands locales (see section Where You Are Makes a Difference) and does all
string processing in terms of characters, not bytes.
This distinction is particularly important to understand for locales
where one character may be represented by multiple bytes. Thus, for
example, length()
returns the number of characters in a string,
and not the number of bytes used to represent those characters. Similarly,
index()
works with character indices, and not byte indices.
CAUTION: A number of functions deal with indices into strings. For these functions, the first character of a string is at position (index) one. This is different from C and the languages descended from it, where the first character is at position zero. You need to remember this when doing index calculations, particularly if you are used to C.
In the following list, optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]).
Several functions perform string substitution; the full discussion is
provided in the description of the sub()
function, which comes
toward the end, because the list is presented alphabetically.
Those functions that are specific to gawk
are marked with a
pound sign (‘#’). They are not available in compatibility mode
(see section Command-Line Options):
• Gory Details | More than you want to know about ‘\’ and
‘&’ with sub() , gsub() , and
gensub() .
|
asort(
source [,
dest [,
how ] ]) #
asorti(
source [,
dest [,
how ] ]) #
These two functions are similar in behavior, so they are described together.
NOTE: The following description ignores the third argument, how, as it requires understanding features that we have not discussed yet. Thus, the discussion here is a deliberate simplification. (We do provide all the details later on; see Sorting Array Values and Indices with
gawk
for the full story.)
Both functions return the number of elements in the array source.
For asort()
, gawk
sorts the values of source
and replaces the indices of the sorted values of source with
sequential integers starting with one. If the optional array dest
is specified, then source is duplicated into dest. dest
is then sorted, leaving the indices of source unchanged.
When comparing strings, IGNORECASE
affects the sorting
(see section Sorting Array Values and Indices with gawk
). If the
source array contains subarrays as values (see section Arrays of Arrays), they will come last, after all scalar values.
Subarrays are not recursively sorted.
For example, if the contents of a
are as follows:
a["last"] = "de" a["first"] = "sac" a["middle"] = "cul"
A call to asort()
:
asort(a)
results in the following contents of a
:
a[1] = "cul" a[2] = "de" a[3] = "sac"
The asorti()
function works similarly to asort()
; however,
the indices are sorted, instead of the values. Thus, in the
previous example, starting with the same initial set of indices and
values in a
, calling ‘asorti(a)’ would yield:
a[1] = "first" a[2] = "last" a[3] = "middle"
NOTE: Due to implementation limitations, you may not use either
SYMTAB
orFUNCTAB
as arguments to these functions, even if providing a second array to use for the actual sorting. Attempting to do so produces a fatal error. This restriction may be lifted in the future.
gensub(regexp, replacement, how
[, target
]) #
Search the target string target for matches of the regular
expression regexp. If how is a string beginning with
‘g’ or ‘G’ (short for “global”), then replace all matches
of regexp with replacement. Otherwise, treat how
as a number indicating which match of regexp to replace. Treat
numeric values less than one as if they were one. If no target
is supplied, use $0
. Return the modified string as the result
of the function. The original target string is not changed.
gensub()
is a general substitution function. Its purpose is
to provide more features than the standard sub()
and gsub()
functions.
gensub()
provides an additional feature that is not available
in sub()
or gsub()
: the ability to specify components of a
regexp in the replacement text. This is done by using parentheses in
the regexp to mark the components and then specifying ‘\N’
in the replacement text, where N is a digit from 1 to 9.
For example:
$ gawk ' > BEGIN { > a = "abc def" > b = gensub(/(.+) (.+)/, "\\2 \\1", "g", a) > print b > }' -| def abc
As with sub()
, you must type two backslashes in order
to get one into the string.
In the replacement text, the sequence ‘\0’ represents the entire
matched text, as does the character ‘&’.
The following example shows how you can use the third argument to control which match of the regexp should be changed:
$ echo a b c a b c | > gawk '{ print gensub(/a/, "AA", 2) }' -| a b c AA b c
In this case, $0
is the default target string.
gensub()
returns the new string as its result, which is
passed directly to print
for printing.
If the how argument is a string that does not begin with ‘g’ or
‘G’, or if it is a number that is less than or equal to zero, only one
substitution is performed. If how is zero, gawk
issues
a warning message.
If regexp does not match target, gensub()
’s return value
is the original unchanged value of target.
gsub(regexp, replacement
[, target
])
Search target for
all of the longest, leftmost, nonoverlapping matching
substrings it can find and replace them with replacement.
The ‘g’ in gsub()
stands for
“global,” which means replace everywhere. For example:
{ gsub(/Britain/, "United Kingdom"); print }
replaces all occurrences of the string ‘Britain’ with ‘United Kingdom’ for all input records.
The gsub()
function returns the number of substitutions made. If
the variable to search and alter (target) is
omitted, then the entire input record ($0
) is used.
As in sub()
, the characters ‘&’ and ‘\’ are special,
and the third argument must be assignable.
index(in, find)
Search the string in for the first occurrence of the string find, and return the position in characters where that occurrence begins in the string in. Consider the following example:
$ awk 'BEGIN { print index("peanut", "an") }' -| 3
If find is not found, index()
returns zero.
With BWK awk
and gawk
,
it is a fatal error to use a regexp constant for find.
Other implementations allow it, simply treating the regexp
constant as an expression meaning ‘$0 ~ /regexp/’. (d.c.)
length(
[string])
Return the number of characters in string. If
string is a number, the length of the digit string representing
that number is returned. For example, length("abcde")
is five. By
contrast, length(15 * 35)
works out to three. In this example,
15 * 35 = 525,
and 525 is then converted to the string "525"
, which has
three characters.
If no argument is supplied, length()
returns the length of $0
.
NOTE: In older versions of
awk
, thelength()
function could be called without any parentheses. Doing so is considered poor practice, although the 2008 POSIX standard explicitly allows it, to support historical practice. For programs to be maximally portable, always supply the parentheses.
If length()
is called with a variable that has not been used,
gawk
forces the variable to be a scalar. Other
implementations of awk
leave the variable without a type.
(d.c.)
Consider:
$ gawk 'BEGIN { print length(x) ; x[1] = 1 }' -| 0 error→ gawk: fatal: attempt to use scalar `x' as array $ nawk 'BEGIN { print length(x) ; x[1] = 1 }' -| 0
If --lint has
been specified on the command line, gawk
issues a
warning about this.
With gawk
and several other awk
implementations, when given an
array argument, the length()
function returns the number of elements
in the array. (c.e.)
This is less useful than it might seem at first, as the
array is not guaranteed to be indexed from one to the number of elements
in it.
If --lint is provided on the command line
(see section Command-Line Options),
gawk
warns that passing an array argument is not portable.
If --posix is supplied, using an array argument is a fatal error
(see section Arrays in awk
).
match(string, regexp
[, array
])
Search string for the longest, leftmost substring matched by the regular expression regexp and return the character position (index) at which that substring begins (one, if it starts at the beginning of string). If no match is found, return zero.
The regexp argument may be either a regexp constant
(/
…/
) or a string constant ("
…"
).
In the latter case, the string is treated as a regexp to be matched.
See section Using Dynamic Regexps for a
discussion of the difference between the two forms, and the
implications for writing your program correctly.
The order of the first two arguments is the opposite of most other string
functions that work with regular expressions, such as
sub()
and gsub()
. It might help to remember that
for match()
, the order is the same as for the ‘~’ operator:
‘string ~ regexp’.
The match()
function sets the predefined variable RSTART
to
the index. It also sets the predefined variable RLENGTH
to the
length in characters of the matched substring. If no match is found,
RSTART
is set to zero, and RLENGTH
to -1.
For example:
{ if ($1 == "FIND") regex = $2 else { where = match($0, regex) if (where != 0) print "Match of", regex, "found at", where, "in", $0 } }
This program looks for lines that match the regular expression stored in
the variable regex
. This regular expression can be changed. If the
first word on a line is ‘FIND’, regex
is changed to be the
second word on that line. Therefore, if given:
FIND ru+n My program runs but not very quickly FIND Melvin JF+KM This line is property of Reality Engineering Co. Melvin was here.
awk
prints:
Match of ru+n found at 12 in My program runs Match of Melvin found at 1 in Melvin was here.
If array is present, it is cleared, and then the zeroth element of array is set to the entire portion of string matched by regexp. If regexp contains parentheses, the integer-indexed elements of array are set to contain the portion of string matching the corresponding parenthesized subexpression. For example:
$ echo foooobazbarrrrr | > gawk '{ match($0, /(fo+).+(bar*)/, arr) > print arr[1], arr[2] }' -| foooo barrrrr
In addition, multidimensional subscripts are available providing the start index and length of each matched subexpression:
$ echo foooobazbarrrrr | > gawk '{ match($0, /(fo+).+(bar*)/, arr) > print arr[1], arr[2] > print arr[1, "start"], arr[1, "length"] > print arr[2, "start"], arr[2, "length"] > }' -| foooo barrrrr -| 1 5 -| 9 7
There may not be subscripts for the start and index for every parenthesized
subexpression, because they may not all have matched text; thus, they
should be tested for with the in
operator
(see section Referring to an Array Element).
The array argument to match()
is a
gawk
extension. In compatibility mode
(see section Command-Line Options),
using a third argument is a fatal error.
patsplit(string, array
[, fieldpat
[, seps
] ]) #
Divide
string into pieces (or “fields”) defined by fieldpat
and store the pieces in array and the separator strings in the
seps array. The first piece is stored in
array[1]
, the second piece in array[2]
, and so
forth. The third argument, fieldpat, is
a regexp describing the fields in string (just as FPAT
is
a regexp describing the fields in input records).
It may be either a regexp constant or a string.
If fieldpat is omitted, the value of FPAT
is used.
patsplit()
returns the number of elements created.
seps[i]
is
the possibly null separator string
after array[i]
.
The possibly null leading separator will be in seps[0]
.
So a non-null string with n fields will have n+1 separators.
A null string will not have neither fields nor separators.
The patsplit()
function splits strings into pieces in a
manner similar to the way input lines are split into fields using FPAT
(see section Defining Fields by Content).
Before splitting the string, patsplit()
deletes any previously existing
elements in the arrays array and seps.
split(string, array
[, fieldsep
[, seps
] ])
Divide string into pieces separated by fieldsep
and store the pieces in array and the separator strings in the
seps array. The first piece is stored in
array[1]
, the second piece in array[2]
, and so
forth. The string value of the third argument, fieldsep, is
a regexp describing where to split string (much as FS
can
be a regexp describing where to split input records).
If fieldsep is omitted, the value of FS
is used.
split()
returns the number of elements created.
seps is a gawk
extension, with seps[i]
being the separator string
between array[i]
and array[i+1]
.
If fieldsep is a single
space, then any leading whitespace goes into seps[0]
and
any trailing
whitespace goes into seps[n]
, where n is the
return value of
split()
(i.e., the number of elements in array).
The split()
function splits strings into pieces in the same way
that input lines are split into fields. For example:
split("cul-de-sac", a, "-", seps)
splits the string "cul-de-sac"
into three fields using ‘-’ as the
separator. It sets the contents of the array a
as follows:
a[1] = "cul" a[2] = "de" a[3] = "sac"
and sets the contents of the array seps
as follows:
seps[1] = "-" seps[2] = "-"
The value returned by this call to split()
is three.
As with input field-splitting, when the value of fieldsep is
" "
, leading and trailing whitespace is ignored in values assigned to
the elements of
array but not in seps, and the elements
are separated by runs of whitespace.
Also, as with input field splitting, if fieldsep is the null string, each
individual character in the string is split into its own array element.
(c.e.)
Additionally, if fieldsep is a single-character string, that string acts
as the separator, even if its value is a regular expression metacharacter.
Note, however, that RS
has no effect on the way split()
works. Even though ‘RS = ""’ causes the newline character to also be an input
field separator, this does not affect how split()
splits strings.
Modern implementations of awk
, including gawk
, allow
the third argument to be a regexp constant (/
…/
)
as well as a string. (d.c.)
The POSIX standard allows this as well.
See section Using Dynamic Regexps for a
discussion of the difference between using a string constant or a regexp constant,
and the implications for writing your program correctly.
Before splitting the string, split()
deletes any previously existing
elements in the arrays array and seps.
If string is null, the array has no elements. (So this is a portable
way to delete an entire array with one statement.
See section The delete
Statement.)
If string does not match fieldsep at all (but is not null), array has one element only. The value of that element is the original string.
In POSIX mode (see section Command-Line Options), the fourth argument is not allowed.
sprintf(format, expression1, …)
Return (without printing) the string that printf
would
have printed out with the same arguments
(see section Using printf
Statements for Fancier Printing).
For example:
pival = sprintf("pi = %.2f (approx.)", 22/7)
assigns the string ‘pi = 3.14 (approx.)’ to the variable pival
.
strtonum(str) #
Examine str and return its numeric value. If str
begins with a leading ‘0’, strtonum()
assumes that str
is an octal number. If str begins with a leading ‘0x’ or
‘0X’, strtonum()
assumes that str is a hexadecimal number.
For example:
$ echo 0x11 | > gawk '{ printf "%d\n", strtonum($1) }' -| 17
Using the strtonum()
function is not the same as adding zero
to a string value; the automatic coercion of strings to numbers
works only for decimal data, not for octal or hexadecimal.47
Note also that strtonum()
uses the current locale’s decimal point
for recognizing numbers (see section Where You Are Makes a Difference).
sub(regexp, replacement
[, target
])
Search target, which is treated as a string, for the leftmost, longest substring matched by the regular expression regexp. Modify the entire string by replacing the matched text with replacement. The modified string becomes the new value of target. Return the number of substitutions made (zero or one).
The regexp argument may be either a regexp constant
(/
…/
) or a string constant ("
…"
).
In the latter case, the string is treated as a regexp to be matched.
See section Using Dynamic Regexps for a
discussion of the difference between the two forms, and the
implications for writing your program correctly.
This function is peculiar because target is not simply
used to compute a value, and not just any expression will do—it
must be a variable, field, or array element so that sub()
can
store a modified value there. If this argument is omitted, then the
default is to use and alter $0
.48
For example:
str = "water, water, everywhere" sub(/at/, "ith", str)
sets str
to ‘wither, water, everywhere’, by replacing the
leftmost longest occurrence of ‘at’ with ‘ith’.
If the special character ‘&’ appears in replacement, it stands for the precise substring that was matched by regexp. (If the regexp can match more than one string, then this precise substring may vary.) For example:
{ sub(/candidate/, "& and his wife"); print }
changes the first occurrence of ‘candidate’ to ‘candidate and his wife’ on each input line. Here is another example:
$ awk 'BEGIN { > str = "daabaaa" > sub(/a+/, "C&C", str) > print str > }' -| dCaaCbaaa
This shows how ‘&’ can represent a nonconstant string and also illustrates the “leftmost, longest” rule in regexp matching (see section How Much Text Matches?).
The effect of this special character (‘&’) can be turned off by putting a backslash before it in the string. As usual, to insert one backslash in the string, you must write two backslashes. Therefore, write ‘\\&’ in a string constant to include a literal ‘&’ in the replacement. For example, the following shows how to replace the first ‘|’ on each line with an ‘&’:
{ sub(/\|/, "\\&"); print }
As mentioned, the third argument to sub()
must
be a variable, field, or array element.
Some versions of awk
allow the third argument to
be an expression that is not an lvalue. In such a case, sub()
still searches for the pattern and returns zero or one, but the result of
the substitution (if any) is thrown away because there is no place
to put it. Such versions of awk
accept expressions
like the following:
sub(/USA/, "United States", "the USA and Canada")
For historical compatibility, gawk
accepts such erroneous code.
However, using any other nonchangeable
object as the third parameter causes a fatal error and your program
will not run.
Finally, if the regexp is not a regexp constant, it is converted into a string, and then the value of that string is treated as the regexp to match.
substr(string, start
[, length
])
Return a length-character-long substring of string,
starting at character number start. The first character of a
string is character number one.49
For example, substr("washington", 5, 3)
returns "ing"
.
If length is not present, substr()
returns the whole suffix of
string that begins at character number start. For example,
substr("washington", 5)
returns "ington"
. The whole
suffix is also returned
if length is greater than the number of characters remaining
in the string, counting from character start.
If start is less than one, substr()
treats it as
if it was one. (POSIX doesn’t specify what to do in this case:
BWK awk
acts this way, and therefore gawk
does too.)
If start is greater than the number of characters
in the string, substr()
returns the null string.
Similarly, if length is present but less than or equal to zero,
the null string is returned.
The string returned by substr()
cannot be
assigned. Thus, it is a mistake to attempt to change a portion of
a string, as shown in the following example:
string = "abcdef" # try to get "abCDEf", won't work substr(string, 3, 3) = "CDE"
It is also a mistake to use substr()
as the third argument
of sub()
or gsub()
:
gsub(/xyz/, "pdq", substr($0, 5, 20)) # WRONG
(Some commercial versions of awk
treat
substr()
as assignable, but doing so is not portable.)
If you need to replace bits and pieces of a string, combine substr()
with string concatenation, in the following manner:
string = "abcdef" … string = substr(string, 1, 2) "CDE" substr(string, 6)
tolower(string)
Return a copy of string, with each uppercase character
in the string replaced with its corresponding lowercase character.
Nonalphabetic characters are left unchanged. For example,
tolower("MiXeD cAsE 123")
returns "mixed case 123"
.
toupper(string)
Return a copy of string, with each lowercase character
in the string replaced with its corresponding uppercase character.
Nonalphabetic characters are left unchanged. For example,
toupper("MiXeD cAsE 123")
returns "MIXED CASE 123"
.
Matching the Null String
In $ echo abc | awk '{ gsub(/m*/, "X"); print }' -| XaXbXcX Although this makes a certain amount of sense, it can be surprising. |
Unless you use the --non-decimal-data option, which isn’t recommended. See section Allowing Nondecimal Input Data for more information.
Note that this means
that the record will first be regenerated using the value of OFS
if
any fields have been changed, and that the fields will be updated
after the substitution, even if the operation is a “no-op” such
as ‘sub(/^/, "")’.
This is different from C and C++, in which the first character is number zero.
Next: I/O Functions, Previous: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in [Contents][Index]