#!/usr/bin/perl结果输出如下:
$value = 10;
$pointer = \$value;
printf "\n Pointer Address $pointer of $value \n";
printf "\n What Pointer *($pointer) points to $$pointer\n";
Pointer Address SCALAR(0x806c520) of 10每次运行,输出结果中的地址会有所改变,但可以看到$pointer给出地址,而$$pointer给出$variable的值。
What Pointer *(SCALAR(0x806c520)) points to 10
1 #!/usr/bin/perl运行结果如下:
2 #
3 # Using Array references
4 #
5 $pointer = \@ARGV;
6 printf "\n Pointer Address of ARGV = $pointer\n";
7 $i = scalar(@$pointer);
8 printf "\n Number of arguments : $i \n";
9 $i = 0;
10 foreach (@$pointer) {
11 printf "$i : $$pointer[$i++]; \n";
12 }
#!/usr/bin/perl结果输出如下:
1 #
2 # Using Associative Array references
3 #
4 %month = (
5 '01', 'Jan',
6 '02', 'Feb',
7 '03', 'Mar',
8 '04', 'Apr',
9 '05', 'May',
10 '06', 'Jun',
11 '07', 'Jul',
12 '08', 'Aug',
13 '09', 'Sep',
14 '10', 'Oct',
15 '11', 'Nov',
16 '12', 'Dec',
17 );
18
19 $pointer = \%month;
20
21 printf "\n Address of hash = $pointer\n ";
22
23 #
24 # The following lines would be used to print out the
25 # contents of the associative array if %month was used.
26 #
27 # foreach $i (sort keys %month) {
28 # printf "\n $i $$pointer{$i} ";
29 # }
30
31 #
32 # The reference to the associative array via $pointer
33 #
34 foreach $i (sort keys %$pointer) {
35 printf "$i is $$pointer{$i} \n";
36 }
$ mth与数组类似,通过引用访问哈希表的元素形式为$$pointer{$index},当然,$index是哈希表的键值,而不仅是数字。还有几种访问形式,此外,构建哈希表还可以用=>操作符,可读性更好些。下面再看一个例子:
Address of hash = HASH(0x806c52c)
01 is Jan
02 is Feb
03 is Mar
04 is Apr
05 is May
06 is Jun
07 is Jul
08 is Aug
09 is Sep
10 is Oct
11 is Nov
12 is Dec
1 #!/usr/bin/perl结果输出如下:
2 #
3 # Using Array references
4 #
5 %weekday = (
6 '01' => 'Mon',
7 '02' => 'Tue',
8 '03' => 'Wed',
9 '04' => 'Thu',
10 '05' => 'Fri',
11 '06' => 'Sat',
12 '07' => 'Sun',
13 );
14 $pointer = \%weekday;
15 $i = '05';
16 printf "\n ================== start test ================= \n";
17 #
18 # These next two lines should show an output
19 #
20 printf '$$pointer{$i} is ';
21 printf "$$pointer{$i} \n";
22 printf '${$pointer}{$i} is ';
23 printf "${$pointer}{$i} \n";
24 printf '$pointer->{$i} is ';
25
26 printf "$pointer->{$i}\n";
27 #
28 # These next two lines should not show anything 29 #
30 printf '${$pointer{$i}} is ';
31 printf "${$pointer{$i}} \n";
32 printf '${$pointer->{$i}} is ';
33 printf "${$pointer->{$i}}";
34 printf "\n ================== end of test ================= \n";
35
================== start test =================可以看到,前三种形式的输出显示了预期的结果,而后两种则没有。当你不清楚是否正确时,就输出结果看看。在Perl中,有不明确的代码就用print语句输出来实验一下,这能使你清楚Perl是怎样解释你的代码的。
$$pointer{$i} is Fri
${$pointer}{$i} is Fri
$pointer->{$i} is Fri
${$pointer{$i}} is
${$pointer->{$i}} is
================== end of test =================
$arrayReference->[$index] single-dimensional array可以创建在你的智力、设计经验和计算机的内存允许的情况下极尽复杂的结构,但最好对可能读到或管理你的代码的人友好一些--尽量使代码简单些。另一方面,如果你想向别人炫耀你的编程能力,Perl给你足够的机会和能力编写连自己都难免糊涂的代码。:)
$arrayReference->[$index1][$index2] two-dimensional array
$arrayReference->[$index1][$index2][$index3] three-dimensional array
1 #!/usr/bin/perl结果输出如下:
2 #
3 # Using Multi-dimensional Array references
4 #
5 $line = ['solid', 'black', ['1','2','3'] , ['4', '5', '6']];
6 print "\$line->[0] = $line->[0] \n";
7 print "\$line->[1] = $line->[1] \n";
8 print "\$line->[2][0] = $line->[2][0] \n";
9 print "\$line->[2][1] = $line->[2][1] \n";
10 print "\$line->[2][2] = $line->[2][2] \n";
11 print "\$line->[3][0] = $line->[3][0] \n";
12 print "\$line->[3][1] = $line->[3][1] \n";
13 print "\$line->[3][2] = $line->[3][2] \n";
14 print "\n"; # The obligatory output beautifier.
$line->[0] = solid那么三维数组又如何呢?下面是上例略为改动的版本。
$line->[1] = black
$line->[2][0] = 1
$line->[2][1] = 2
$line->[2][2] = 3
$line->[3][0] = 4
$line->[3][1] = 5
$line->[3][2] = 6
1 #!/usr/bin/perl结果输出如下:
2 #
3 # Using Multi-dimensional Array references again
4 #
5 $line = ['solid', 'black', ['1','2','3', ['4', '5', '6']]];
6 print "\$line->[0] = $line->[0] \n";
7 print "\$line->[1] = $line->[1] \n";
8 print "\$line->[2][0] = $line->[2][0] \n";
9 print "\$line->[2][1] = $line->[2][1] \n";
10 print "\$line->[2][2] = $line->[2][2] \n";
11 print "\$line->[2][3][0] = $line->[2][3][0] \n";
12 print "\$line->[2][3][1] = $line->[2][3][1] \n";
13 print "\$line->[2][3][2] = $line->[2][3][2] \n";
14 print "\n";
$line->[0] = solid访问第三层元素的方式形如$line->[2][3][0],类似于C语言中的Array_pointer[2][3][0]。本例中,下标均为数字,当然亦可用变量代替。用这种方法可以把数组和哈希表结合起来构成复杂的结构,如下:
$line->[1] = black
$line->[2][0] = 1
$line->[2][1] = 2
$line->[2][2] = 3
$line->[2][3][0] = 4
$line->[2][3][1] = 5
$line->[2][3][2] = 6
1 #!/usr/bin/perl结果输出如下:
2 #
3 # Using Multi-dimensional Array and Hash references
4 #
5 %cube = (
6 '0', ['0', '0', '0'],
7 '1', ['0', '0', '1'],
8 '2', ['0', '1', '0'],
9 '3', ['0', '1', '1'],
10 '4', ['1', '0', '0'],
11 '5', ['1', '0', '1'],
12 '6', ['1', '1', '0'],
13 '7', ['1', '1', '1']
14 );
15 $pointer = \%cube;
16 print "\n Da Cube \n";
17 foreach $i (sort keys %$pointer) {
18 $list = $$pointer{$i};
19 $x = $list->[0];
20 $y = $list->[1];
21 $z = $list->[2];
22 printf " Point $i = $x,$y,$z \n";
23 }
Da Cube这是一个定义立方体的例子。%cube中保存的是点号和坐标,坐标是个含三个数字的数组。变量$list获取坐标数组的引用:$list = $$ pointer{$i}; 然后访问各坐标值:$x = $list->[0]; ... 也可用如下方法给$x、$y和$z赋值:($x,$y,$z) = @$list;
Point 0 = 0,0,0
Point 1 = 0,0,1
Point 2 = 0,1,0
Point 3 = 0,1,1
Point 4 = 1,0,0
Point 5 = 1,0,1
Point 6 = 1,1,0
Point 7 = 1,1,1
#!/usr/bin/perl结果输出如下:
sub errorMsg {
my $lvl = shift;
#
# define the subroutine to run when called.
#
return sub {
my $msg = shift; # Define the error type now.
print "Err Level $lvl:$msg\n"; }; # print later.
}
$severe = errorMsg("Severe");
$fatal = errorMsg("Fatal");
$annoy = errorMsg("Annoying");
&$severe("Divide by zero");
&$fatal("Did you forget to use a semi-colon?");
&$annoy("Uninitialized variable in use");
Err Level Severe:Divide by zero上例中,子程序errorMsg使用了局域变量$lvl,用于返回给调用者。当errorMsg被调用时,$lvl的值设置到返回的子程序内容中,虽然是用的my函数。三次调用设置了三个不同的$lvl变量值。当errorMsg返回时,$lvl的值保存到每次被声明时所产生的子程序代码中。最后三句对产生的子程序引用进行调用时$msg的值被替换,但$lvl的值仍是相应子程序代码创建时的值。
Err Level Fatal:Did you forget to use a semi-colon?
Err Level Annoying:Uninitialized variable in use
#!/usr/bin/perl结果输出如下:
@names = (mickey, goofy, daffy );
@phones = (5551234, 5554321, 666 );
$i = 0;
sub listem {
my ($a,$b) = @_;
foreach (@$a) {
print "a[$i] = " . @$a[$i] . " " . "\tb[$i] = " . @$b[$i] ."\n";
$i++;
}
}
&listem(\@names, \@phones);
注意:a[0] = mickey b[0] = 5551234 a[1] = goofy b[1] = 5554321 a[2] = daffy b[2] = 666
1、当想传递给子程序的参数是多于一个的数组时一定要使用引用。八、文件句柄的引用
2、一定不要在子程序中使用形如 (@variable)=@_; 的语句处理参数,除非你想把所有参数集中到一个长的数组中。
sub spitOut {注意其中文件句柄引用的语法为\*FILEHANDLE。
my $fh = shift;
print $fh "Gee Wilbur, I like this lettuce\n";
}