smtplib
---SMTP协议客户端¶
Source code: Lib/smtplib.py
The smtplib
module defines an SMTP client session object that can be used
to send mail to any Internet machine with an SMTP or ESMTP listener daemon. For
details of SMTP and ESMTP operation, consult RFC 821 (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol) and RFC 1869 (SMTP Service Extensions).
-
class
smtplib.
SMTP
(host='', port=0, local_hostname=None, [timeout, ]source_address=None)¶ An
SMTP
instance encapsulates an SMTP connection. It has methods that support a full repertoire of SMTP and ESMTP operations. If the optional host and port parameters are given, the SMTPconnect()
method is called with those parameters during initialization. If specified, local_hostname is used as the FQDN of the local host in the HELO/EHLO command. Otherwise, the local hostname is found usingsocket.getfqdn()
. If theconnect()
call returns anything other than a success code, anSMTPConnectError
is raised. The optional timeout parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking operations like the connection attempt (if not specified, the global default timeout setting will be used). If the timeout expires,socket.timeout
is raised. The optional source_address parameter allows binding to some specific source address in a machine with multiple network interfaces, and/or to some specific source TCP port. It takes a 2-tuple (host, port), for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If omitted (or if host or port are''
and/or 0 respectively) the OS default behavior will be used.For normal use, you should only require the initialization/connect,
sendmail()
, andSMTP.quit()
methods. An example is included below.The
SMTP
class supports thewith
statement. When used like this, the SMTPQUIT
command is issued automatically when thewith
statement exits. E.g.:>>> from smtplib import SMTP >>> with SMTP("domain.org") as smtp: ... smtp.noop() ... (250, b'Ok') >>>
All commands will raise an auditing event
smtplib.SMTP.send
with argumentsself
anddata
, wheredata
is the bytes about to be sent to the remote host.在 3.3 版更改: 支持了
with
语句。在 3.3 版更改: source_address argument was added.
3.5 新版功能: The SMTPUTF8 extension (RFC 6531) is now supported.
在 3.9 版更改: If the timeout parameter is set to be zero, it will raise a
ValueError
to prevent the creation of a non-blocking socket
-
class
smtplib.
SMTP_SSL
(host='', port=0, local_hostname=None, keyfile=None, certfile=None, [timeout, ]context=None, source_address=None)¶ An
SMTP_SSL
instance behaves exactly the same as instances ofSMTP
.SMTP_SSL
should be used for situations where SSL is required from the beginning of the connection and usingstarttls()
is not appropriate. If host is not specified, the local host is used. If port is zero, the standard SMTP-over-SSL port (465) is used. The optional arguments local_hostname, timeout and source_address have the same meaning as they do in theSMTP
class. context, also optional, can contain aSSLContext
and allows configuring various aspects of the secure connection. Please read Security considerations for best practices.keyfile and certfile are a legacy alternative to context, and can point to a PEM formatted private key and certificate chain file for the SSL connection.
在 3.3 版更改: 增加了 context。
在 3.3 版更改: source_address argument was added.
在 3.4 版更改: The class now supports hostname check with
ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname
and Server Name Indication (seessl.HAS_SNI
).3.6 版后已移除: keyfile and certfile are deprecated in favor of context. Please use
ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain()
instead, or letssl.create_default_context()
select the system's trusted CA certificates for you.在 3.9 版更改: If the timeout parameter is set to be zero, it will raise a
ValueError
to prevent the creation of a non-blocking socket
-
LMTP(host='', port=LMTP_PORT, local_hostname=None,
-
source_address=None[, timeout])
The LMTP protocol, which is very similar to ESMTP, is heavily based on the standard SMTP client. It's common to use Unix sockets for LMTP, so our
connect()
method must support that as well as a regular host:port server. The optional arguments local_hostname and source_address have the same meaning as they do in theSMTP
class. To specify a Unix socket, you must use an absolute path for host, starting with a '/'.Authentication is supported, using the regular SMTP mechanism. When using a Unix socket, LMTP generally don't support or require any authentication, but your mileage might vary.
在 3.9 版更改: The optional timeout parameter was added.
A nice selection of exceptions is defined as well:
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPException
¶ Subclass of
OSError
that is the base exception class for all the other exceptions provided by this module.在 3.4 版更改: SMTPException became subclass of
OSError
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPServerDisconnected
¶ This exception is raised when the server unexpectedly disconnects, or when an attempt is made to use the
SMTP
instance before connecting it to a server.
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPResponseException
¶ Base class for all exceptions that include an SMTP error code. These exceptions are generated in some instances when the SMTP server returns an error code. The error code is stored in the
smtp_code
attribute of the error, and thesmtp_error
attribute is set to the error message.
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPSenderRefused
¶ Sender address refused. In addition to the attributes set by on all
SMTPResponseException
exceptions, this sets 'sender' to the string that the SMTP server refused.
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPRecipientsRefused
¶ All recipient addresses refused. The errors for each recipient are accessible through the attribute
recipients
, which is a dictionary of exactly the same sort asSMTP.sendmail()
returns.
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPDataError
¶ The SMTP server refused to accept the message data.
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPConnectError
¶ Error occurred during establishment of a connection with the server.
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPHeloError
¶ The server refused our
HELO
message.
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPNotSupportedError
¶ The command or option attempted is not supported by the server.
3.5 新版功能.
-
exception
smtplib.
SMTPAuthenticationError
¶ SMTP authentication went wrong. Most probably the server didn't accept the username/password combination provided.
参见
- RFC 821 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Protocol definition for SMTP. This document covers the model, operating procedure, and protocol details for SMTP.
- RFC 1869 - SMTP Service Extensions
Definition of the ESMTP extensions for SMTP. This describes a framework for extending SMTP with new commands, supporting dynamic discovery of the commands provided by the server, and defines a few additional commands.
SMTP Objects¶
An SMTP
instance has the following methods:
-
SMTP.
set_debuglevel
(level)¶ Set the debug output level. A value of 1 or
True
for level results in debug messages for connection and for all messages sent to and received from the server. A value of 2 for level results in these messages being timestamped.在 3.5 版更改: Added debuglevel 2.
-
SMTP.
docmd
(cmd, args='')¶ Send a command cmd to the server. The optional argument args is simply concatenated to the command, separated by a space.
This returns a 2-tuple composed of a numeric response code and the actual response line (multiline responses are joined into one long line.)
In normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It is used to implement other methods and may be useful for testing private extensions.
If the connection to the server is lost while waiting for the reply,
SMTPServerDisconnected
will be raised.
-
SMTP.
connect
(host='localhost', port=0)¶ Connect to a host on a given port. The defaults are to connect to the local host at the standard SMTP port (25). If the hostname ends with a colon (
':'
) followed by a number, that suffix will be stripped off and the number interpreted as the port number to use. This method is automatically invoked by the constructor if a host is specified during instantiation. Returns a 2-tuple of the response code and message sent by the server in its connection response.Raises an auditing event
smtplib.connect
with argumentsself
,host
,port
.
-
SMTP.
helo
(name='')¶ Identify yourself to the SMTP server using
HELO
. The hostname argument defaults to the fully qualified domain name of the local host. The message returned by the server is stored as thehelo_resp
attribute of the object.In normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It will be implicitly called by the
sendmail()
when necessary.
-
SMTP.
ehlo
(name='')¶ Identify yourself to an ESMTP server using
EHLO
. The hostname argument defaults to the fully qualified domain name of the local host. Examine the response for ESMTP option and store them for use byhas_extn()
. Also sets several informational attributes: the message returned by the server is stored as theehlo_resp
attribute,does_esmtp
is set to true or false depending on whether the server supports ESMTP, andesmtp_features
will be a dictionary containing the names of the SMTP service extensions this server supports, and their parameters (if any).Unless you wish to use
has_extn()
before sending mail, it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It will be implicitly called bysendmail()
when necessary.
-
SMTP.
ehlo_or_helo_if_needed
()¶ This method calls
ehlo()
and/orhelo()
if there has been no previousEHLO
orHELO
command this session. It tries ESMTPEHLO
first.SMTPHeloError
The server didn't reply properly to the
HELO
greeting.
-
SMTP.
has_extn
(name)¶ Return
True
if name is in the set of SMTP service extensions returned by the server,False
otherwise. Case is ignored.
-
SMTP.
verify
(address)¶ Check the validity of an address on this server using SMTP
VRFY
. Returns a tuple consisting of code 250 and a full RFC 822 address (including human name) if the user address is valid. Otherwise returns an SMTP error code of 400 or greater and an error string.注解
Many sites disable SMTP
VRFY
in order to foil spammers.
-
SMTP.
login
(user, password, *, initial_response_ok=True)¶ Log in on an SMTP server that requires authentication. The arguments are the username and the password to authenticate with. If there has been no previous
EHLO
orHELO
command this session, this method tries ESMTPEHLO
first. This method will return normally if the authentication was successful, or may raise the following exceptions:SMTPHeloError
The server didn't reply properly to the
HELO
greeting.SMTPAuthenticationError
The server didn't accept the username/password combination.
SMTPNotSupportedError
The
AUTH
command is not supported by the server.SMTPException
No suitable authentication method was found.
Each of the authentication methods supported by
smtplib
are tried in turn if they are advertised as supported by the server. Seeauth()
for a list of supported authentication methods. initial_response_ok is passed through toauth()
.Optional keyword argument initial_response_ok specifies whether, for authentication methods that support it, an "initial response" as specified in RFC 4954 can be sent along with the
AUTH
command, rather than requiring a challenge/response.在 3.5 版更改:
SMTPNotSupportedError
may be raised, and the initial_response_ok parameter was added.
-
SMTP.
auth
(mechanism, authobject, *, initial_response_ok=True)¶ Issue an
SMTP
AUTH
command for the specified authentication mechanism, and handle the challenge response via authobject.mechanism specifies which authentication mechanism is to be used as argument to the
AUTH
command; the valid values are those listed in theauth
element ofesmtp_features
.authobject must be a callable object taking an optional single argument:
data = authobject(challenge=None)
If optional keyword argument initial_response_ok is true,
authobject()
will be called first with no argument. It can return the RFC 4954 "initial response" ASCIIstr
which will be encoded and sent with theAUTH
command as below. If theauthobject()
does not support an initial response (e.g. because it requires a challenge), it should returnNone
when called withchallenge=None
. If initial_response_ok is false, thenauthobject()
will not be called first withNone
.If the initial response check returns
None
, or if initial_response_ok is false,authobject()
will be called to process the server's challenge response; the challenge argument it is passed will be abytes
. It should return ASCIIstr
data that will be base64 encoded and sent to the server.The
SMTP
class providesauthobjects
for theCRAM-MD5
,PLAIN
, andLOGIN
mechanisms; they are namedSMTP.auth_cram_md5
,SMTP.auth_plain
, andSMTP.auth_login
respectively. They all require that theuser
andpassword
properties of theSMTP
instance are set to appropriate values.User code does not normally need to call
auth
directly, but can instead call thelogin()
method, which will try each of the above mechanisms in turn, in the order listed.auth
is exposed to facilitate the implementation of authentication methods not (or not yet) supported directly bysmtplib
.3.5 新版功能.
-
SMTP.
starttls
(keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None)¶ Put the SMTP connection in TLS (Transport Layer Security) mode. All SMTP commands that follow will be encrypted. You should then call
ehlo()
again.If keyfile and certfile are provided, they are used to create an
ssl.SSLContext
.Optional context parameter is an
ssl.SSLContext
object; This is an alternative to using a keyfile and a certfile and if specified both keyfile and certfile should beNone
.If there has been no previous
EHLO
orHELO
command this session, this method tries ESMTPEHLO
first.3.6 版后已移除: keyfile and certfile are deprecated in favor of context. Please use
ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain()
instead, or letssl.create_default_context()
select the system's trusted CA certificates for you.SMTPHeloError
The server didn't reply properly to the
HELO
greeting.SMTPNotSupportedError
The server does not support the STARTTLS extension.
RuntimeError
SSL/TLS support is not available to your Python interpreter.
在 3.3 版更改: 增加了 context。
在 3.4 版更改: The method now supports hostname check with
SSLContext.check_hostname
and Server Name Indicator (seeHAS_SNI
).在 3.5 版更改: The error raised for lack of STARTTLS support is now the
SMTPNotSupportedError
subclass instead of the baseSMTPException
.
-
SMTP.
sendmail
(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=(), rcpt_options=())¶ Send mail. The required arguments are an RFC 822 from-address string, a list of RFC 822 to-address strings (a bare string will be treated as a list with 1 address), and a message string. The caller may pass a list of ESMTP options (such as
8bitmime
) to be used inMAIL FROM
commands as mail_options. ESMTP options (such asDSN
commands) that should be used with allRCPT
commands can be passed as rcpt_options. (If you need to use different ESMTP options to different recipients you have to use the low-level methods such asmail()
,rcpt()
anddata()
to send the message.)注解
The from_addr and to_addrs parameters are used to construct the message envelope used by the transport agents.
sendmail
does not modify the message headers in any way.msg may be a string containing characters in the ASCII range, or a byte string. A string is encoded to bytes using the ascii codec, and lone
\r
and\n
characters are converted to\r\n
characters. A byte string is not modified.If there has been no previous
EHLO
orHELO
command this session, this method tries ESMTPEHLO
first. If the server does ESMTP, message size and each of the specified options will be passed to it (if the option is in the feature set the server advertises). IfEHLO
fails,HELO
will be tried and ESMTP options suppressed.This method will return normally if the mail is accepted for at least one recipient. Otherwise it will raise an exception. That is, if this method does not raise an exception, then someone should get your mail. If this method does not raise an exception, it returns a dictionary, with one entry for each recipient that was refused. Each entry contains a tuple of the SMTP error code and the accompanying error message sent by the server.
If
SMTPUTF8
is included in mail_options, and the server supports it, from_addr and to_addrs may contain non-ASCII characters.This method may raise the following exceptions:
SMTPRecipientsRefused
All recipients were refused. Nobody got the mail. The
recipients
attribute of the exception object is a dictionary with information about the refused recipients (like the one returned when at least one recipient was accepted).SMTPHeloError
The server didn't reply properly to the
HELO
greeting.SMTPSenderRefused
The server didn't accept the from_addr.
SMTPDataError
The server replied with an unexpected error code (other than a refusal of a recipient).
SMTPNotSupportedError
SMTPUTF8
was given in the mail_options but is not supported by the server.
Unless otherwise noted, the connection will be open even after an exception is raised.
在 3.2 版更改: msg may be a byte string.
在 3.5 版更改:
SMTPUTF8
support added, andSMTPNotSupportedError
may be raised ifSMTPUTF8
is specified but the server does not support it.
-
SMTP.
send_message
(msg, from_addr=None, to_addrs=None, mail_options=(), rcpt_options=())¶ This is a convenience method for calling
sendmail()
with the message represented by anemail.message.Message
object. The arguments have the same meaning as forsendmail()
, except that msg is aMessage
object.If from_addr is
None
or to_addrs isNone
,send_message
fills those arguments with addresses extracted from the headers of msg as specified in RFC 5322: from_addr is set to the Sender field if it is present, and otherwise to the From field. to_addrs combines the values (if any) of the To, Cc, and Bcc fields from msg. If exactly one set of Resent-* headers appear in the message, the regular headers are ignored and the Resent-* headers are used instead. If the message contains more than one set of Resent-* headers, aValueError
is raised, since there is no way to unambiguously detect the most recent set of Resent- headers.send_message
serializes msg usingBytesGenerator
with\r\n
as the linesep, and callssendmail()
to transmit the resulting message. Regardless of the values of from_addr and to_addrs,send_message
does not transmit any Bcc or Resent-Bcc headers that may appear in msg. If any of the addresses in from_addr and to_addrs contain non-ASCII characters and the server does not advertiseSMTPUTF8
support, anSMTPNotSupported
error is raised. Otherwise theMessage
is serialized with a clone of itspolicy
with theutf8
attribute set toTrue
, andSMTPUTF8
andBODY=8BITMIME
are added to mail_options.3.2 新版功能.
3.5 新版功能: Support for internationalized addresses (
SMTPUTF8
).
-
SMTP.
quit
()¶ Terminate the SMTP session and close the connection. Return the result of the SMTP
QUIT
command.
Low-level methods corresponding to the standard SMTP/ESMTP commands HELP
,
RSET
, NOOP
, MAIL
, RCPT
, and DATA
are also supported.
Normally these do not need to be called directly, so they are not documented
here. For details, consult the module code.
SMTP Example¶
This example prompts the user for addresses needed in the message envelope ('To' and 'From' addresses), and the message to be delivered. Note that the headers to be included with the message must be included in the message as entered; this example doesn't do any processing of the RFC 822 headers. In particular, the 'To' and 'From' addresses must be included in the message headers explicitly.
import smtplib
def prompt(prompt):
return input(prompt).strip()
fromaddr = prompt("From: ")
toaddrs = prompt("To: ").split()
print("Enter message, end with ^D (Unix) or ^Z (Windows):")
# Add the From: and To: headers at the start!
msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n"
% (fromaddr, ", ".join(toaddrs)))
while True:
try:
line = input()
except EOFError:
break
if not line:
break
msg = msg + line
print("Message length is", len(msg))
server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
server.set_debuglevel(1)
server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg)
server.quit()
注解
In general, you will want to use the email
package's features to
construct an email message, which you can then send
via send_message()
; see email: 示例.