test
--- Python回归测试包¶
注解
The test
package is meant for internal use by Python only. It is
documented for the benefit of the core developers of Python. Any use of
this package outside of Python's standard library is discouraged as code
mentioned here can change or be removed without notice between releases of
Python.
The test
package contains all regression tests for Python as well as the
modules test.support
and test.regrtest
.
test.support
is used to enhance your tests while
test.regrtest
drives the testing suite.
Each module in the test
package whose name starts with test_
is a
testing suite for a specific module or feature. All new tests should be written
using the unittest
or doctest
module. Some older tests are
written using a "traditional" testing style that compares output printed to
sys.stdout
; this style of test is considered deprecated.
Writing Unit Tests for the test
package¶
It is preferred that tests that use the unittest
module follow a few
guidelines. One is to name the test module by starting it with test_
and end
it with the name of the module being tested. The test methods in the test module
should start with test_
and end with a description of what the method is
testing. This is needed so that the methods are recognized by the test driver as
test methods. Also, no documentation string for the method should be included. A
comment (such as # Tests function returns only True or False
) should be used
to provide documentation for test methods. This is done because documentation
strings get printed out if they exist and thus what test is being run is not
stated.
A basic boilerplate is often used:
import unittest
from test import support
class MyTestCase1(unittest.TestCase):
# Only use setUp() and tearDown() if necessary
def setUp(self):
... code to execute in preparation for tests ...
def tearDown(self):
... code to execute to clean up after tests ...
def test_feature_one(self):
# Test feature one.
... testing code ...
def test_feature_two(self):
# Test feature two.
... testing code ...
... more test methods ...
class MyTestCase2(unittest.TestCase):
... same structure as MyTestCase1 ...
... more test classes ...
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
This code pattern allows the testing suite to be run by test.regrtest
,
on its own as a script that supports the unittest
CLI, or via the
python -m unittest
CLI.
The goal for regression testing is to try to break code. This leads to a few guidelines to be followed:
The testing suite should exercise all classes, functions, and constants. This includes not just the external API that is to be presented to the outside world but also "private" code.
Whitebox testing (examining the code being tested when the tests are being written) is preferred. Blackbox testing (testing only the published user interface) is not complete enough to make sure all boundary and edge cases are tested.
Make sure all possible values are tested including invalid ones. This makes sure that not only all valid values are acceptable but also that improper values are handled correctly.
Exhaust as many code paths as possible. Test where branching occurs and thus tailor input to make sure as many different paths through the code are taken.
Add an explicit test for any bugs discovered for the tested code. This will make sure that the error does not crop up again if the code is changed in the future.
Make sure to clean up after your tests (such as close and remove all temporary files).
If a test is dependent on a specific condition of the operating system then verify the condition already exists before attempting the test.
Import as few modules as possible and do it as soon as possible. This minimizes external dependencies of tests and also minimizes possible anomalous behavior from side-effects of importing a module.
Try to maximize code reuse. On occasion, tests will vary by something as small as what type of input is used. Minimize code duplication by subclassing a basic test class with a class that specifies the input:
class TestFuncAcceptsSequencesMixin: func = mySuperWhammyFunction def test_func(self): self.func(self.arg) class AcceptLists(TestFuncAcceptsSequencesMixin, unittest.TestCase): arg = [1, 2, 3] class AcceptStrings(TestFuncAcceptsSequencesMixin, unittest.TestCase): arg = 'abc' class AcceptTuples(TestFuncAcceptsSequencesMixin, unittest.TestCase): arg = (1, 2, 3)
When using this pattern, remember that all classes that inherit from
unittest.TestCase
are run as tests. TheMixin
class in the example above does not have any data and so can't be run by itself, thus it does not inherit fromunittest.TestCase
.
参见
- Test Driven Development
A book by Kent Beck on writing tests before code.
Running tests using the command-line interface¶
The test
package can be run as a script to drive Python's regression
test suite, thanks to the -m
option: python -m test. Under
the hood, it uses test.regrtest
; the call python -m
test.regrtest used in previous Python versions still works. Running the
script by itself automatically starts running all regression tests in the
test
package. It does this by finding all modules in the package whose
name starts with test_
, importing them, and executing the function
test_main()
if present or loading the tests via
unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule if test_main
does not exist. The
names of tests to execute may also be passed to the script. Specifying a single
regression test (python -m test test_spam) will minimize output and
only print whether the test passed or failed.
Running test
directly allows what resources are available for
tests to use to be set. You do this by using the -u
command-line
option. Specifying all
as the value for the -u
option enables all
possible resources: python -m test -uall.
If all but one resource is desired (a more common case), a
comma-separated list of resources that are not desired may be listed after
all
. The command python -m test -uall,-audio,-largefile
will run test
with all resources except the audio
and
largefile
resources. For a list of all resources and more command-line
options, run python -m test -h.
Some other ways to execute the regression tests depend on what platform the
tests are being executed on. On Unix, you can run make test at the
top-level directory where Python was built. On Windows,
executing rt.bat from your PCbuild
directory will run all
regression tests.
test.support
--- Utilities for the Python test suite¶
The test.support
module provides support for Python's regression
test suite.
注解
test.support
is not a public module. It is documented here to help
Python developers write tests. The API of this module is subject to change
without backwards compatibility concerns between releases.
This module defines the following exceptions:
-
exception
test.support.
TestFailed
¶ Exception to be raised when a test fails. This is deprecated in favor of
unittest
-based tests andunittest.TestCase
's assertion methods.
-
exception
test.support.
ResourceDenied
¶ Subclass of
unittest.SkipTest
. Raised when a resource (such as a network connection) is not available. Raised by therequires()
function.
The test.support
module defines the following constants:
-
test.support.
verbose
¶ True
when verbose output is enabled. Should be checked when more detailed information is desired about a running test. verbose is set bytest.regrtest
.
-
test.support.
is_jython
¶ True
if the running interpreter is Jython.
-
test.support.
is_android
¶ True
if the system is Android.
-
test.support.
unix_shell
¶ Path for shell if not on Windows; otherwise
None
.
-
test.support.
FS_NONASCII
¶ A non-ASCII character encodable by
os.fsencode()
.
-
test.support.
TESTFN
¶ Set to a name that is safe to use as the name of a temporary file. Any temporary file that is created should be closed and unlinked (removed).
-
test.support.
TESTFN_UNICODE
¶ Set to a non-ASCII name for a temporary file.
-
test.support.
TESTFN_ENCODING
¶ Set to
sys.getfilesystemencoding()
.
-
test.support.
TESTFN_UNENCODABLE
¶ Set to a filename (str type) that should not be able to be encoded by file system encoding in strict mode. It may be
None
if it's not possible to generate such a filename.
-
test.support.
TESTFN_UNDECODABLE
¶ Set to a filename (bytes type) that should not be able to be decoded by file system encoding in strict mode. It may be
None
if it's not possible to generate such a filename.
-
test.support.
TESTFN_NONASCII
¶ Set to a filename containing the
FS_NONASCII
character.
-
test.support.
LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT
¶ Timeout in seconds for tests using a network server listening on the network local loopback interface like
127.0.0.1
.The timeout is long enough to prevent test failure: it takes into account that the client and the server can run in different threads or even different processes.
The timeout should be long enough for
connect()
,recv()
andsend()
methods ofsocket.socket
.Its default value is 5 seconds.
See also
INTERNET_TIMEOUT
.
-
test.support.
INTERNET_TIMEOUT
¶ Timeout in seconds for network requests going to the Internet.
The timeout is short enough to prevent a test to wait for too long if the Internet request is blocked for whatever reason.
Usually, a timeout using
INTERNET_TIMEOUT
should not mark a test as failed, but skip the test instead: seetransient_internet()
.Its default value is 1 minute.
See also
LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT
.
-
test.support.
SHORT_TIMEOUT
¶ Timeout in seconds to mark a test as failed if the test takes "too long".
The timeout value depends on the regrtest
--timeout
command line option.If a test using
SHORT_TIMEOUT
starts to fail randomly on slow buildbots, useLONG_TIMEOUT
instead.Its default value is 30 seconds.
-
test.support.
LONG_TIMEOUT
¶ Timeout in seconds to detect when a test hangs.
It is long enough to reduce the risk of test failure on the slowest Python buildbots. It should not be used to mark a test as failed if the test takes "too long". The timeout value depends on the regrtest
--timeout
command line option.Its default value is 5 minutes.
See also
LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT
,INTERNET_TIMEOUT
andSHORT_TIMEOUT
.
-
test.support.
SAVEDCWD
¶ Set to
os.getcwd()
.
-
test.support.
PGO
¶ Set when tests can be skipped when they are not useful for PGO.
-
test.support.
PIPE_MAX_SIZE
¶ A constant that is likely larger than the underlying OS pipe buffer size, to make writes blocking.
-
test.support.
SOCK_MAX_SIZE
¶ A constant that is likely larger than the underlying OS socket buffer size, to make writes blocking.
-
test.support.
TEST_SUPPORT_DIR
¶ Set to the top level directory that contains
test.support
.
-
test.support.
TEST_HOME_DIR
¶ Set to the top level directory for the test package.
-
test.support.
TEST_DATA_DIR
¶ Set to the
data
directory within the test package.
-
test.support.
MAX_Py_ssize_t
¶ Set to
sys.maxsize
for big memory tests.
-
test.support.
max_memuse
¶ Set by
set_memlimit()
as the memory limit for big memory tests. Limited byMAX_Py_ssize_t
.
-
test.support.
real_max_memuse
¶ Set by
set_memlimit()
as the memory limit for big memory tests. Not limited byMAX_Py_ssize_t
.
-
test.support.
MISSING_C_DOCSTRINGS
¶ Return
True
if running on CPython, not on Windows, and configuration not set withWITH_DOC_STRINGS
.
-
test.support.
HAVE_DOCSTRINGS
¶ Check for presence of docstrings.
-
test.support.
TEST_HTTP_URL
¶ Define the URL of a dedicated HTTP server for the network tests.
-
test.support.
ALWAYS_EQ
¶ Object that is equal to anything. Used to test mixed type comparison.
-
test.support.
NEVER_EQ
¶ Object that is not equal to anything (even to
ALWAYS_EQ
). Used to test mixed type comparison.
-
test.support.
LARGEST
¶ Object that is greater than anything (except itself). Used to test mixed type comparison.
-
test.support.
SMALLEST
¶ Object that is less than anything (except itself). Used to test mixed type comparison.
The test.support
module defines the following functions:
-
test.support.
forget
(module_name)¶ Remove the module named module_name from
sys.modules
and delete any byte-compiled files of the module.
-
test.support.
unload
(name)¶ Delete name from
sys.modules
.
-
test.support.
unlink
(filename)¶ Call
os.unlink()
on filename. On Windows platforms, this is wrapped with a wait loop that checks for the existence fo the file.
-
test.support.
rmdir
(filename)¶ Call
os.rmdir()
on filename. On Windows platforms, this is wrapped with a wait loop that checks for the existence of the file.
-
test.support.
rmtree
(path)¶ Call
shutil.rmtree()
on path or callos.lstat()
andos.rmdir()
to remove a path and its contents. On Windows platforms, this is wrapped with a wait loop that checks for the existence of the files.
-
test.support.
make_legacy_pyc
(source)¶ Move a PEP 3147/PEP 488 pyc file to its legacy pyc location and return the file system path to the legacy pyc file. The source value is the file system path to the source file. It does not need to exist, however the PEP 3147/488 pyc file must exist.
-
test.support.
is_resource_enabled
(resource)¶ Return
True
if resource is enabled and available. The list of available resources is only set whentest.regrtest
is executing the tests.
-
test.support.
python_is_optimized
()¶ Return
True
if Python was not built with-O0
or-Og
.
-
test.support.
with_pymalloc
()¶ Return
_testcapi.WITH_PYMALLOC
.
-
test.support.
requires
(resource, msg=None)¶ Raise
ResourceDenied
if resource is not available. msg is the argument toResourceDenied
if it is raised. Always returnsTrue
if called by a function whose__name__
is'__main__'
. Used when tests are executed bytest.regrtest
.
-
test.support.
system_must_validate_cert
(f)¶ Raise
unittest.SkipTest
on TLS certification validation failures.
-
test.support.
sortdict
(dict)¶ Return a repr of dict with keys sorted.
-
test.support.
findfile
(filename, subdir=None)¶ Return the path to the file named filename. If no match is found filename is returned. This does not equal a failure since it could be the path to the file.
Setting subdir indicates a relative path to use to find the file rather than looking directly in the path directories.
-
test.support.
create_empty_file
(filename)¶ Create an empty file with filename. If it already exists, truncate it.
-
test.support.
fd_count
()¶ Count the number of open file descriptors.
-
test.support.
match_test
(test)¶ Match test to patterns set in
set_match_tests()
.
-
test.support.
set_match_tests
(patterns)¶ Define match test with regular expression patterns.
-
test.support.
run_unittest
(*classes)¶ Execute
unittest.TestCase
subclasses passed to the function. The function scans the classes for methods starting with the prefixtest_
and executes the tests individually.It is also legal to pass strings as parameters; these should be keys in
sys.modules
. Each associated module will be scanned byunittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule()
. This is usually seen in the followingtest_main()
function:def test_main(): support.run_unittest(__name__)
This will run all tests defined in the named module.
-
test.support.
run_doctest
(module, verbosity=None, optionflags=0)¶ Run
doctest.testmod()
on the given module. Return(failure_count, test_count)
.If verbosity is
None
,doctest.testmod()
is run with verbosity set toverbose
. Otherwise, it is run with verbosity set toNone
. optionflags is passed asoptionflags
todoctest.testmod()
.
-
test.support.
setswitchinterval
(interval)¶ Set the
sys.setswitchinterval()
to the given interval. Defines a minimum interval for Android systems to prevent the system from hanging.
-
test.support.
check_impl_detail
(**guards)¶ Use this check to guard CPython's implementation-specific tests or to run them only on the implementations guarded by the arguments:
check_impl_detail() # Only on CPython (default). check_impl_detail(jython=True) # Only on Jython. check_impl_detail(cpython=False) # Everywhere except CPython.
-
test.support.
check_warnings
(*filters, quiet=True)¶ A convenience wrapper for
warnings.catch_warnings()
that makes it easier to test that a warning was correctly raised. It is approximately equivalent to callingwarnings.catch_warnings(record=True)
withwarnings.simplefilter()
set toalways
and with the option to automatically validate the results that are recorded.check_warnings
accepts 2-tuples of the form("message regexp", WarningCategory)
as positional arguments. If one or more filters are provided, or if the optional keyword argument quiet isFalse
, it checks to make sure the warnings are as expected: each specified filter must match at least one of the warnings raised by the enclosed code or the test fails, and if any warnings are raised that do not match any of the specified filters the test fails. To disable the first of these checks, set quiet toTrue
.If no arguments are specified, it defaults to:
check_warnings(("", Warning), quiet=True)
In this case all warnings are caught and no errors are raised.
On entry to the context manager, a
WarningRecorder
instance is returned. The underlying warnings list fromcatch_warnings()
is available via the recorder object'swarnings
attribute. As a convenience, the attributes of the object representing the most recent warning can also be accessed directly through the recorder object (see example below). If no warning has been raised, then any of the attributes that would otherwise be expected on an object representing a warning will returnNone
.The recorder object also has a
reset()
method, which clears the warnings list.The context manager is designed to be used like this:
with check_warnings(("assertion is always true", SyntaxWarning), ("", UserWarning)): exec('assert(False, "Hey!")') warnings.warn(UserWarning("Hide me!"))
In this case if either warning was not raised, or some other warning was raised,
check_warnings()
would raise an error.When a test needs to look more deeply into the warnings, rather than just checking whether or not they occurred, code like this can be used:
with check_warnings(quiet=True) as w: warnings.warn("foo") assert str(w.args[0]) == "foo" warnings.warn("bar") assert str(w.args[0]) == "bar" assert str(w.warnings[0].args[0]) == "foo" assert str(w.warnings[1].args[0]) == "bar" w.reset() assert len(w.warnings) == 0
Here all warnings will be caught, and the test code tests the captured warnings directly.
在 3.2 版更改: New optional arguments filters and quiet.
-
test.support.
check_no_resource_warning
(testcase)¶ Context manager to check that no
ResourceWarning
was raised. You must remove the object which may emitResourceWarning
before the end of the context manager.
-
test.support.
set_memlimit
(limit)¶ Set the values for
max_memuse
andreal_max_memuse
for big memory tests.
-
test.support.
record_original_stdout
(stdout)¶ Store the value from stdout. It is meant to hold the stdout at the time the regrtest began.
-
test.support.
get_original_stdout
()¶ Return the original stdout set by
record_original_stdout()
orsys.stdout
if it's not set.
-
test.support.
args_from_interpreter_flags
()¶ Return a list of command line arguments reproducing the current settings in
sys.flags
andsys.warnoptions
.
-
test.support.
optim_args_from_interpreter_flags
()¶ Return a list of command line arguments reproducing the current optimization settings in
sys.flags
.
-
test.support.
captured_stdin
()¶ -
test.support.
captured_stdout
()¶ -
test.support.
captured_stderr
()¶ A context managers that temporarily replaces the named stream with
io.StringIO
object.Example use with output streams:
with captured_stdout() as stdout, captured_stderr() as stderr: print("hello") print("error", file=sys.stderr) assert stdout.getvalue() == "hello\n" assert stderr.getvalue() == "error\n"
Example use with input stream:
with captured_stdin() as stdin: stdin.write('hello\n') stdin.seek(0) # call test code that consumes from sys.stdin captured = input() self.assertEqual(captured, "hello")
-
test.support.
temp_dir
(path=None, quiet=False)¶ A context manager that creates a temporary directory at path and yields the directory.
If path is
None
, the temporary directory is created usingtempfile.mkdtemp()
. If quiet isFalse
, the context manager raises an exception on error. Otherwise, if path is specified and cannot be created, only a warning is issued.
-
test.support.
change_cwd
(path, quiet=False)¶ A context manager that temporarily changes the current working directory to path and yields the directory.
If quiet is
False
, the context manager raises an exception on error. Otherwise, it issues only a warning and keeps the current working directory the same.
-
test.support.
temp_cwd
(name='tempcwd', quiet=False)¶ A context manager that temporarily creates a new directory and changes the current working directory (CWD).
The context manager creates a temporary directory in the current directory with name name before temporarily changing the current working directory. If name is
None
, the temporary directory is created usingtempfile.mkdtemp()
.If quiet is
False
and it is not possible to create or change the CWD, an error is raised. Otherwise, only a warning is raised and the original CWD is used.
-
test.support.
temp_umask
(umask)¶ A context manager that temporarily sets the process umask.
-
test.support.
disable_faulthandler
()¶ A context manager that replaces
sys.stderr
withsys.__stderr__
.
-
test.support.
gc_collect
()¶ Force as many objects as possible to be collected. This is needed because timely deallocation is not guaranteed by the garbage collector. This means that
__del__
methods may be called later than expected and weakrefs may remain alive for longer than expected.
-
test.support.
disable_gc
()¶ A context manager that disables the garbage collector upon entry and reenables it upon exit.
-
test.support.
swap_attr
(obj, attr, new_val)¶ Context manager to swap out an attribute with a new object.
用法:
with swap_attr(obj, "attr", 5): ...
This will set
obj.attr
to 5 for the duration of thewith
block, restoring the old value at the end of the block. Ifattr
doesn't exist onobj
, it will be created and then deleted at the end of the block.The old value (or
None
if it doesn't exist) will be assigned to the target of the "as" clause, if there is one.
-
test.support.
swap_item
(obj, attr, new_val)¶ Context manager to swap out an item with a new object.
用法:
with swap_item(obj, "item", 5): ...
This will set
obj["item"]
to 5 for the duration of thewith
block, restoring the old value at the end of the block. Ifitem
doesn't exist onobj
, it will be created and then deleted at the end of the block.The old value (or
None
if it doesn't exist) will be assigned to the target of the "as" clause, if there is one.
-
test.support.
print_warning
(msg)¶ Print a warning into
sys.__stderr__
. Format the message as:f"Warning -- {msg}"
. If msg is made of multiple lines, add"Warning -- "
prefix to each line.3.9 新版功能.
-
test.support.
wait_process
(pid, *, exitcode, timeout=None)¶ Wait until process pid completes and check that the process exit code is exitcode.
Raise an
AssertionError
if the process exit code is not equal to exitcode.If the process runs longer than timeout seconds (
SHORT_TIMEOUT
by default), kill the process and raise anAssertionError
. The timeout feature is not available on Windows.3.9 新版功能.
-
test.support.
wait_threads_exit
(timeout=60.0)¶ Context manager to wait until all threads created in the
with
statement exit.
-
test.support.
start_threads
(threads, unlock=None)¶ Context manager to start threads. It attempts to join the threads upon exit.
-
test.support.
calcobjsize
(fmt)¶ Return
struct.calcsize()
fornP{fmt}0n
or, ifgettotalrefcount
exists,2PnP{fmt}0P
.
-
test.support.
calcvobjsize
(fmt)¶ Return
struct.calcsize()
fornPn{fmt}0n
or, ifgettotalrefcount
exists,2PnPn{fmt}0P
.
-
test.support.
checksizeof
(test, o, size)¶ For testcase test, assert that the
sys.getsizeof
for o plus the GC header size equals size.
-
test.support.
can_symlink
()¶ Return
True
if the OS supports symbolic links,False
otherwise.
-
test.support.
can_xattr
()¶ Return
True
if the OS supports xattr,False
otherwise.
-
@
test.support.
skip_unless_symlink
¶ A decorator for running tests that require support for symbolic links.
-
@
test.support.
skip_unless_xattr
¶ A decorator for running tests that require support for xattr.
-
@
test.support.
anticipate_failure
(condition)¶ A decorator to conditionally mark tests with
unittest.expectedFailure()
. Any use of this decorator should have an associated comment identifying the relevant tracker issue.
-
@
test.support.
run_with_locale
(catstr, *locales)¶ A decorator for running a function in a different locale, correctly resetting it after it has finished. catstr is the locale category as a string (for example
"LC_ALL"
). The locales passed will be tried sequentially, and the first valid locale will be used.
-
@
test.support.
run_with_tz
(tz)¶ A decorator for running a function in a specific timezone, correctly resetting it after it has finished.
-
@
test.support.
requires_freebsd_version
(*min_version)¶ Decorator for the minimum version when running test on FreeBSD. If the FreeBSD version is less than the minimum, raise
unittest.SkipTest
.
-
@
test.support.
requires_linux_version
(*min_version)¶ Decorator for the minimum version when running test on Linux. If the Linux version is less than the minimum, raise
unittest.SkipTest
.
-
@
test.support.
requires_mac_version
(*min_version)¶ Decorator for the minimum version when running test on Mac OS X. If the MAC OS X version is less than the minimum, raise
unittest.SkipTest
.
-
@
test.support.
requires_IEEE_754
¶ Decorator for skipping tests on non-IEEE 754 platforms.
-
@
test.support.
requires_resource
(resource)¶ Decorator for skipping tests if resource is not available.
-
@
test.support.
requires_docstrings
¶ Decorator for only running the test if
HAVE_DOCSTRINGS
.
-
@
test.support.
cpython_only
(test)¶ Decorator for tests only applicable to CPython.
-
@
test.support.
impl_detail
(msg=None, **guards)¶ Decorator for invoking
check_impl_detail()
on guards. If that returnsFalse
, then uses msg as the reason for skipping the test.
-
@
test.support.
no_tracing
(func)¶ Decorator to temporarily turn off tracing for the duration of the test.
-
@
test.support.
refcount_test
(test)¶ Decorator for tests which involve reference counting. The decorator does not run the test if it is not run by CPython. Any trace function is unset for the duration of the test to prevent unexpected refcounts caused by the trace function.
-
@
test.support.
reap_threads
(func)¶ Decorator to ensure the threads are cleaned up even if the test fails.
-
@
test.support.
bigmemtest
(size, memuse, dry_run=True)¶ Decorator for bigmem tests.
size is a requested size for the test (in arbitrary, test-interpreted units.) memuse is the number of bytes per unit for the test, or a good estimate of it. For example, a test that needs two byte buffers, of 4 GiB each, could be decorated with
@bigmemtest(size=_4G, memuse=2)
.The size argument is normally passed to the decorated test method as an extra argument. If dry_run is
True
, the value passed to the test method may be less than the requested value. If dry_run isFalse
, it means the test doesn't support dummy runs when-M
is not specified.
-
@
test.support.
bigaddrspacetest
(f)¶ Decorator for tests that fill the address space. f is the function to wrap.
-
test.support.
make_bad_fd
()¶ Create an invalid file descriptor by opening and closing a temporary file, and returning its descriptor.
-
test.support.
check_syntax_error
(testcase, statement, errtext='', *, lineno=None, offset=None)¶ Test for syntax errors in statement by attempting to compile statement. testcase is the
unittest
instance for the test. errtext is the regular expression which should match the string representation of the raisedSyntaxError
. If lineno is notNone
, compares to the line of the exception. If offset is notNone
, compares to the offset of the exception.
-
test.support.
check_syntax_warning
(testcase, statement, errtext='', *, lineno=1, offset=None)¶ Test for syntax warning in statement by attempting to compile statement. Test also that the
SyntaxWarning
is emitted only once, and that it will be converted to aSyntaxError
when turned into error. testcase is theunittest
instance for the test. errtext is the regular expression which should match the string representation of the emittedSyntaxWarning
and raisedSyntaxError
. If lineno is notNone
, compares to the line of the warning and exception. If offset is notNone
, compares to the offset of the exception.3.8 新版功能.
-
test.support.
open_urlresource
(url, *args, **kw)¶ Open url. If open fails, raises
TestFailed
.
-
test.support.
import_module
(name, deprecated=False, *, required_on())¶ This function imports and returns the named module. Unlike a normal import, this function raises
unittest.SkipTest
if the module cannot be imported.Module and package deprecation messages are suppressed during this import if deprecated is
True
. If a module is required on a platform but optional for others, set required_on to an iterable of platform prefixes which will be compared againstsys.platform
.3.1 新版功能.
-
test.support.
import_fresh_module
(name, fresh=(), blocked=(), deprecated=False)¶ This function imports and returns a fresh copy of the named Python module by removing the named module from
sys.modules
before doing the import. Note that unlikereload()
, the original module is not affected by this operation.fresh is an iterable of additional module names that are also removed from the
sys.modules
cache before doing the import.blocked is an iterable of module names that are replaced with
None
in the module cache during the import to ensure that attempts to import them raiseImportError
.The named module and any modules named in the fresh and blocked parameters are saved before starting the import and then reinserted into
sys.modules
when the fresh import is complete.Module and package deprecation messages are suppressed during this import if deprecated is
True
.This function will raise
ImportError
if the named module cannot be imported.Example use:
# Get copies of the warnings module for testing without affecting the # version being used by the rest of the test suite. One copy uses the # C implementation, the other is forced to use the pure Python fallback # implementation py_warnings = import_fresh_module('warnings', blocked=['_warnings']) c_warnings = import_fresh_module('warnings', fresh=['_warnings'])
3.1 新版功能.
-
test.support.
modules_setup
()¶ Return a copy of
sys.modules
.
-
test.support.
modules_cleanup
(oldmodules)¶ Remove modules except for oldmodules and
encodings
in order to preserve internal cache.
-
test.support.
threading_setup
()¶ Return current thread count and copy of dangling threads.
-
test.support.
threading_cleanup
(*original_values)¶ Cleanup up threads not specified in original_values. Designed to emit a warning if a test leaves running threads in the background.
-
test.support.
join_thread
(thread, timeout=30.0)¶ Join a thread within timeout. Raise an
AssertionError
if thread is still alive after timeout seconds.
-
test.support.
reap_children
()¶ Use this at the end of
test_main
whenever sub-processes are started. This will help ensure that no extra children (zombies) stick around to hog resources and create problems when looking for refleaks.
-
test.support.
get_attribute
(obj, name)¶ Get an attribute, raising
unittest.SkipTest
ifAttributeError
is raised.
-
test.support.
catch_threading_exception
()¶ Context manager catching
threading.Thread
exception usingthreading.excepthook()
.Attributes set when an exception is catched:
exc_type
exc_value
exc_traceback
thread
See
threading.excepthook()
documentation.These attributes are deleted at the context manager exit.
用法:
with support.catch_threading_exception() as cm: # code spawning a thread which raises an exception ... # check the thread exception, use cm attributes: # exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback, thread ... # exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback, thread attributes of cm no longer # exists at this point # (to avoid reference cycles)
3.8 新版功能.
-
test.support.
catch_unraisable_exception
()¶ Context manager catching unraisable exception using
sys.unraisablehook()
.Storing the exception value (
cm.unraisable.exc_value
) creates a reference cycle. The reference cycle is broken explicitly when the context manager exits.Storing the object (
cm.unraisable.object
) can resurrect it if it is set to an object which is being finalized. Exiting the context manager clears the stored object.用法:
with support.catch_unraisable_exception() as cm: # code creating an "unraisable exception" ... # check the unraisable exception: use cm.unraisable ... # cm.unraisable attribute no longer exists at this point # (to break a reference cycle)
3.8 新版功能.
-
test.support.
load_package_tests
(pkg_dir, loader, standard_tests, pattern)¶ Generic implementation of the
unittest
load_tests
protocol for use in test packages. pkg_dir is the root directory of the package; loader, standard_tests, and pattern are the arguments expected byload_tests
. In simple cases, the test package's__init__.py
can be the following:import os from test.support import load_package_tests def load_tests(*args): return load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)
-
test.support.
fs_is_case_insensitive
(directory)¶ Return
True
if the file system for directory is case-insensitive.
-
test.support.
detect_api_mismatch
(ref_api, other_api, *, ignore=())¶ Returns the set of attributes, functions or methods of ref_api not found on other_api, except for a defined list of items to be ignored in this check specified in ignore.
By default this skips private attributes beginning with '_' but includes all magic methods, i.e. those starting and ending in '__'.
3.5 新版功能.
-
test.support.
patch
(test_instance, object_to_patch, attr_name, new_value)¶ Override object_to_patch.attr_name with new_value. Also add cleanup procedure to test_instance to restore object_to_patch for attr_name. The attr_name should be a valid attribute for object_to_patch.
-
test.support.
run_in_subinterp
(code)¶ Run code in subinterpreter. Raise
unittest.SkipTest
iftracemalloc
is enabled.
-
test.support.
check_free_after_iterating
(test, iter, cls, args=())¶ Assert that iter is deallocated after iterating.
-
test.support.
missing_compiler_executable
(cmd_names=[])¶ Check for the existence of the compiler executables whose names are listed in cmd_names or all the compiler executables when cmd_names is empty and return the first missing executable or
None
when none is found missing.
-
test.support.
check__all__
(test_case, module, name_of_module=None, extra=(), blacklist=())¶ Assert that the
__all__
variable of module contains all public names.The module's public names (its API) are detected automatically based on whether they match the public name convention and were defined in module.
The name_of_module argument can specify (as a string or tuple thereof) what module(s) an API could be defined in order to be detected as a public API. One case for this is when module imports part of its public API from other modules, possibly a C backend (like
csv
and its_csv
).The extra argument can be a set of names that wouldn't otherwise be automatically detected as "public", like objects without a proper
__module__
attribute. If provided, it will be added to the automatically detected ones.The blacklist argument can be a set of names that must not be treated as part of the public API even though their names indicate otherwise.
Example use:
import bar import foo import unittest from test import support class MiscTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def test__all__(self): support.check__all__(self, foo) class OtherTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def test__all__(self): extra = {'BAR_CONST', 'FOO_CONST'} blacklist = {'baz'} # Undocumented name. # bar imports part of its API from _bar. support.check__all__(self, bar, ('bar', '_bar'), extra=extra, blacklist=blacklist)
3.6 新版功能.
The test.support
module defines the following classes:
-
class
test.support.
TransientResource
(exc, **kwargs)¶ Instances are a context manager that raises
ResourceDenied
if the specified exception type is raised. Any keyword arguments are treated as attribute/value pairs to be compared against any exception raised within thewith
statement. Only if all pairs match properly against attributes on the exception isResourceDenied
raised.
-
class
test.support.
EnvironmentVarGuard
¶ Class used to temporarily set or unset environment variables. Instances can be used as a context manager and have a complete dictionary interface for querying/modifying the underlying
os.environ
. After exit from the context manager all changes to environment variables done through this instance will be rolled back.在 3.1 版更改: Added dictionary interface.
-
EnvironmentVarGuard.
set
(envvar, value)¶ Temporarily set the environment variable
envvar
to the value ofvalue
.
-
EnvironmentVarGuard.
unset
(envvar)¶ Temporarily unset the environment variable
envvar
.
-
class
test.support.
SuppressCrashReport
¶ A context manager used to try to prevent crash dialog popups on tests that are expected to crash a subprocess.
On Windows, it disables Windows Error Reporting dialogs using SetErrorMode.
On UNIX,
resource.setrlimit()
is used to setresource.RLIMIT_CORE
's soft limit to 0 to prevent coredump file creation.On both platforms, the old value is restored by
__exit__()
.
-
class
test.support.
CleanImport
(*module_names)¶ A context manager to force import to return a new module reference. This is useful for testing module-level behaviors, such as the emission of a DeprecationWarning on import. Example usage:
with CleanImport('foo'): importlib.import_module('foo') # New reference.
-
class
test.support.
DirsOnSysPath
(*paths)¶ A context manager to temporarily add directories to sys.path.
This makes a copy of
sys.path
, appends any directories given as positional arguments, then revertssys.path
to the copied settings when the context ends.Note that all
sys.path
modifications in the body of the context manager, including replacement of the object, will be reverted at the end of the block.
-
class
test.support.
SaveSignals
¶ Class to save and restore signal handlers registered by the Python signal handler.
-
class
test.support.
Matcher
¶ -
matches
(self, d, **kwargs)¶ Try to match a single dict with the supplied arguments.
-
match_value
(self, k, dv, v)¶ Try to match a single stored value (dv) with a supplied value (v).
-
-
class
test.support.
WarningsRecorder
¶ Class used to record warnings for unit tests. See documentation of
check_warnings()
above for more details.
-
class
test.support.
FakePath
(path)¶ Simple path-like object. It implements the
__fspath__()
method which just returns the path argument. If path is an exception, it will be raised in__fspath__()
.
test.support.socket_helper
--- Utilities for socket tests¶
The test.support.socket_helper
module provides support for socket tests.
3.9 新版功能.
-
test.support.socket_helper.
IPV6_ENABLED
¶ 设置为
True
如果主机打开IPv6, 否则False
.
-
test.support.socket_helper.
find_unused_port
(family=socket.AF_INET, socktype=socket.SOCK_STREAM)¶ Returns an unused port that should be suitable for binding. This is achieved by creating a temporary socket with the same family and type as the
sock
parameter (default isAF_INET
,SOCK_STREAM
), and binding it to the specified host address (defaults to0.0.0.0
) with the port set to 0, eliciting an unused ephemeral port from the OS. The temporary socket is then closed and deleted, and the ephemeral port is returned.Either this method or
bind_port()
should be used for any tests where a server socket needs to be bound to a particular port for the duration of the test. Which one to use depends on whether the calling code is creating a Python socket, or if an unused port needs to be provided in a constructor or passed to an external program (i.e. the-accept
argument to openssl's s_server mode). Always preferbind_port()
overfind_unused_port()
where possible. Using a hard coded port is discouraged since it can make multiple instances of the test impossible to run simultaneously, which is a problem for buildbots.
-
test.support.socket_helper.
bind_port
(sock, host=HOST)¶ Bind the socket to a free port and return the port number. Relies on ephemeral ports in order to ensure we are using an unbound port. This is important as many tests may be running simultaneously, especially in a buildbot environment. This method raises an exception if the
sock.family
isAF_INET
andsock.type
isSOCK_STREAM
, and the socket hasSO_REUSEADDR
orSO_REUSEPORT
set on it. Tests should never set these socket options for TCP/IP sockets. The only case for setting these options is testing multicasting via multiple UDP sockets.Additionally, if the
SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE
socket option is available (i.e. on Windows), it will be set on the socket. This will prevent anyone else from binding to our host/port for the duration of the test.
-
test.support.socket_helper.
bind_unix_socket
(sock, addr)¶ Bind a unix socket, raising
unittest.SkipTest
ifPermissionError
is raised.
-
@
test.support.socket_helper.
skip_unless_bind_unix_socket
¶ A decorator for running tests that require a functional
bind()
for Unix sockets.
-
test.support.socket_helper.
transient_internet
(resource_name, *, timeout=30.0, errnos=())¶ A context manager that raises
ResourceDenied
when various issues with the internet connection manifest themselves as exceptions.
test.support.script_helper
--- Utilities for the Python execution tests¶
The test.support.script_helper
module provides support for Python's
script execution tests.
-
test.support.script_helper.
interpreter_requires_environment
()¶ Return
True
ifsys.executable interpreter
requires environment variables in order to be able to run at all.This is designed to be used with
@unittest.skipIf()
to annotate tests that need to use anassert_python*()
function to launch an isolated mode (-I
) or no environment mode (-E
) sub-interpreter process.A normal build & test does not run into this situation but it can happen when trying to run the standard library test suite from an interpreter that doesn't have an obvious home with Python's current home finding logic.
Setting
PYTHONHOME
is one way to get most of the testsuite to run in that situation.PYTHONPATH
orPYTHONUSERSITE
are other common environment variables that might impact whether or not the interpreter can start.
-
test.support.script_helper.
run_python_until_end
(*args, **env_vars)¶ Set up the environment based on env_vars for running the interpreter in a subprocess. The values can include
__isolated
,__cleanenv
,__cwd
, andTERM
.在 3.9 版更改: The function no longer strips whitespaces from stderr.
-
test.support.script_helper.
assert_python_ok
(*args, **env_vars)¶ Assert that running the interpreter with args and optional environment variables env_vars succeeds (
rc == 0
) and return a(return code, stdout, stderr)
tuple.If the
__cleanenv
keyword is set, env_vars is used as a fresh environment.Python is started in isolated mode (command line option
-I
), except if the__isolated
keyword is set toFalse
.在 3.9 版更改: The function no longer strips whitespaces from stderr.
-
test.support.script_helper.
assert_python_failure
(*args, **env_vars)¶ Assert that running the interpreter with args and optional environment variables env_vars fails (
rc != 0
) and return a(return code, stdout, stderr)
tuple.See
assert_python_ok()
for more options.在 3.9 版更改: The function no longer strips whitespaces from stderr.
-
test.support.script_helper.
spawn_python
(*args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, **kw)¶ Run a Python subprocess with the given arguments.
kw is extra keyword args to pass to
subprocess.Popen()
. Returns asubprocess.Popen
object.
-
test.support.script_helper.
kill_python
(p)¶ Run the given
subprocess.Popen
process until completion and return stdout.
-
test.support.script_helper.
make_script
(script_dir, script_basename, source, omit_suffix=False)¶ Create script containing source in path script_dir and script_basename. If omit_suffix is
False
, append.py
to the name. Return the full script path.
-
test.support.script_helper.
make_zip_script
(zip_dir, zip_basename, script_name, name_in_zip=None)¶ Create zip file at zip_dir and zip_basename with extension
zip
which contains the files in script_name. name_in_zip is the archive name. Return a tuple containing(full path, full path of archive name)
.
-
test.support.script_helper.
make_pkg
(pkg_dir, init_source='')¶ Create a directory named pkg_dir containing an
__init__
file with init_source as its contents.
-
test.support.script_helper.
make_zip_pkg
(zip_dir, zip_basename, pkg_name, script_basename, source, depth=1, compiled=False)¶ Create a zip package directory with a path of zip_dir and zip_basename containing an empty
__init__
file and a file script_basename containing the source. If compiled isTrue
, both source files will be compiled and added to the zip package. Return a tuple of the full zip path and the archive name for the zip file.
test.support.bytecode_helper
--- Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation¶
The test.support.bytecode_helper
module provides support for testing
and inspecting bytecode generation.
3.9 新版功能.
The module defines the following class:
-
class
test.support.bytecode_helper.
BytecodeTestCase
(unittest.TestCase)¶ This class has custom assertion methods for inspecting bytecode.
-
BytecodeTestCase.
get_disassembly_as_string
(co)¶ Return the disassembly of co as string.
-
BytecodeTestCase.
assertInBytecode
(x, opname, argval=_UNSPECIFIED)¶ Return instr if opname is found, otherwise throws
AssertionError
.
-
BytecodeTestCase.
assertNotInBytecode
(x, opname, argval=_UNSPECIFIED)¶ Throws
AssertionError
if opname is found.