管道是 Linux 支持的最初 Unix IPC 形式之一,具有以下特点:
1.管道是半双工的,数据只能向一个方向流动;需要双方通信时,需要建立起两个管道;
2.只能用于父子进程或者兄弟进程之间(具有亲缘关系的进程);
管道对于管道两端的进程而言,就是一个文件,但它不是普通的文件,它不属于某种文件系统,而是自立门户,单独构成一种文件系统,并且只存在与内存中。
一个进程向管道中写的内容被管道另一端的进程读出。写入的内容每次都添加在管道缓冲区的末尾,并且每次都是从缓冲区的头部读出数据。
#include int pipe(int fd[2])
管道两端可分别用描述字 fd[0]以及 fd[1]来描述,需要注意的是,管道的两端是固定了任务的。即一端只能用于读,由描述字 fd[0]表示,称其为管道读端;另一端则只能用于写,由描述字 fd[1]来表示,
对读进程来说:
对写进程来说:
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/wait.h>
int main() {
int fd[2];
pid_t cid;
if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
perror("管道创建失败!");
exit(1);
}
cid = fork();
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
close(fd[1]);
char message[1000];
int num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
printf("子进程读入的数据是:%s,长度是=%d", message, num);
close(fd[0]);
break;
default:
close(fd[0]);
char *writeMsg = "父进程写入的数据!";
sleep(10);//1
write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
close(fd[1]);
break;
}
return 0;
}
[root@ Release 18$] ps -C processcomm -opid,ppid,stat,cmd
PID PPID STAT CMD
5973 2488 S /root/workspace/processcomm/Release/processcomm
5976 5973 S /root/workspace/processcomm/Release/processcomm
=>读端由于阻塞中,其所在进程(子进程)处于 sleep 状态
控制台输出
父进程工作 PID=5973,PPID=2488
子进程工作 PID=5976,PPID=5973
子进程读入的数据是:父进程写入的数据!,长度是=27
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[0]);
const long int writesize=4000;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for(i=0;i<writesize;i++)
{
writeMsg[i]='a';
}
int writenum=write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[1]);
wait(NULL);
break;
}
控制台输出
父进程工作 PID=7072,PPID=2488
父进程写入的数据长度是=4001
子进程工作 PID=7077,PPID=7072
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[1]);
char message[40001];
int num = read(fd[0], message, 4001);
printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d\n", num);
num = read(fd[0], message, 4000);
printf("子进程再次读入的数据长度是=%d", num);
close(fd[0]);
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[0]);
const long int writesize = 4000;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < writesize; i++) {
writeMsg[i] = 'a';
}
int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[1]);
// wait(NULL);
break;
}
[root@ Release30$] ps -C processcomm -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd
PID PPID STAT CMD
=>读写进程都已退出
控制台输出
父进程工作 PID=8004,PPID=2488
父进程写入的数据长度是=4001
子进程工作 PID=8009,PPID=1
子进程读入的数据长度是=4001
子进程再次读入的数据长度是=0
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
char message[40001];
int num = read(fd[0], message, 4001);
printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d", num);
num = read(fd[0], message, 4000);
printf("子进程再次读入的数据长度是=%d", num);
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[0]);
const long int writesize = 4000;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < writesize; i++) {
writeMsg[i] = 'a';
}
int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[1]);
break;
}
[root@ Release29$] ps -C processcomm -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd
PID PPID STAT CMD
7916 1 S /root/workspace/processcomm/Release/processcomm
=>读进程阻塞
控制台输出:
父进程工作 PID=7914,PPID=2488
父进程写入的数据长度是=4001
子进程工作 PID=7916,PPID=1
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[1]);
char message[65535];
int num = read(fd[0], message, 65535);
printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d", num);
close(fd[0]);
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[0]);
const long int writesize = 80000;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < writesize; i++) {
writeMsg[i] = 'a';
}
int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[1]);
wait(NULL);
break;
}
[root@ Release25$] ps -C processcomm -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd
PID PPID STAT CMD
=>所有进程都以退出
控制台输出
父进程工作 PID=7776,PPID=2488
子进程工作 PID=7778,PPID=7776
子进程读入的数据长度是=65535
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
const long int writesize=80000;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for(i=0;i<writesize;i++)
{
writeMsg[i]='a';
}
int writenum=write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
wait(NULL);
break;
}
父进程工作 PID=7309,PPID=2488
子进程工作 PID=7314,PPID=7309
[root@ Release24$] ps -C processcomm -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd
PID PPID STAT CMD
7309 2488 S /root/workspace/processcomm/Release/processcomm
7314 7309 Z [processcomm]
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/wait.h>
int main() {
int fd[2];
pid_t cid;
if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
perror("管道创建失败!");
exit(1);
}
cid = fork();
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[1]);
char message[1000];
int num;
do {
num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d\n", num);
} while (num != 0);
close(fd[0]);
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[0]);
const long int writesize = 37;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < writesize-1; i++) {
writeMsg[i] = 'a';
}
writeMsg[writesize-1]='\0';
int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg)+1);
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[1]);
break;
}
return 0;
}
此例子主要应该规则6,当发送信息大于管道长度时且写进程在未全部将新数据写入管道中,写进程处于阻塞状态,直到所有数据写入管道
int main() {
int fd[2];
pid_t cid;
if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
perror("管道创建失败!");
exit(1);
}
cid = fork();
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[1]);
char message[1000];
int num;
do {
num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d\n", num);
}while(num!=0);
close(fd[0]);
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
const long int writesize = 80000;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < writesize-1; i++) {
writeMsg[i] = 'a';
}
writeMsg[writesize-1]='\0';
int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg)+1);
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[0]);
close(fd[1]);
break;
}
return 0;
}
此例应用规则6,防止多次写入,写入数据长度管道最大长度
int main() {
int fd[2];
pid_t cid;
if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
perror("管道创建失败!");
exit(1);
}
cid = fork();
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[1]);
char message[1000];
int num;
do {
num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
if (num > 0) {
printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d %s\n", num, message);
}
} while (num != 0);
close(fd[0]);
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
const long int writesize = 10;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < writesize - 1; i++) {
writeMsg[i] = 'a';
}
writeMsg[writesize - 1] = '\0';
int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg));
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
char *newmsg = "helloworld";
writenum = write(fd[1], newmsg, strlen(newmsg) + 1);
printf("父进程再次写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[0]);
close(fd[1]);
break;
}
return 0;
}
int main() {
int fd[2];
pid_t cid, did;
if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
perror("管道创建失败!");
exit(1);
}
cid = fork();
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("兄进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("兄进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[1]);
char message[1000];
int num;
do {
num = read(fd[0], message, 1000);
if (num > 0) {
printf("兄进程读入的数据长度是=%d,%s\n", num, message);
}
} while (num != 0);
close(fd[0]);
break;
default:
did = fork();
if (did == 0) {
printf("弟进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
const long int writesize = 10;
char writeMsgs[writesize];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < writesize - 1; i++) {
writeMsgs[i] = 'a';
}
writeMsgs[writesize - 1] = '\0';
int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsgs, strlen(writeMsgs) + 1);
printf("弟进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[0]);
close(fd[1]);
} else if (did == -1) {
perror("弟进程创建失败!");
exit(3);
}
break;
}
return 0;
}
int main() {
int fd[2], backfd[2];
pid_t cid;
if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
perror("管道创建失败!");
exit(1);
}
if (pipe(backfd) == -1) {
perror("管道创建失败!");
exit(2);
}
cid = fork();
switch (cid) {
case -1:
perror("子进程创建失败");
exit(2);
break;
case 0:
printf("子进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
close(fd[1]);
char message[10000];
int num;
do {
num = read(fd[0], message, 10000);
printf("子进程读入的数据长度是=%d\n", num);
} while (num != 0);
close(fd[0]);
close(backfd[0]);
char *msg1 = "消息返回成功啊!";
write(backfd[1], msg1, strlen(msg1) + 1);
close(backfd[1]);
break;
default:
printf("父进程工作 PID=%d,PPID=%d\n", getpid(), getppid());
const long int writesize = 80000;
char writeMsg[writesize];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < writesize - 1; i++) {
writeMsg[i] = 'a';
}
writeMsg[writesize - 1] = '\0';
int writenum = write(fd[1], writeMsg, strlen(writeMsg) + 1);
printf("父进程写入的数据长度是=%d\n", writenum);
close(fd[0]);
close(fd[1]);
close(backfd[1]);
char msg2[1000];
int num1 = read(backfd[0], msg2, 1000);
printf("返回消息是:%s", msg2);
close(backfd[0]);
break;
}
return 0;
}